Chapter 18.15 Critical Areas

The purpose of this chapter is to implement the goals and policies of the Washington State Growth Management Act (GMA), Chapter 36.70A RCW, and the SeaTac Comprehensive Plan which call for protection of the natural environment and the public health and safety by:

A. Establishing development standards to protect defined critical areas based on best available science as defined in WAC 365-195-900 through 365-195-925, consistent with RCW 36.70A.172;

B. Protecting members of the public, public resources and facilities from injury, loss of life, property damage or financial loss due to flooding, erosion, landslides, seismic and soil subsidence or steep slope failures;

C. Protecting unique, fragile and valuable elements of the environment including, but not limited to, wildlife and its habitat;

D. Requiring mitigation of unavoidable impacts on environmentally critical areas by regulating alterations in or near critical areas;

E. Preventing cumulative adverse environmental impacts on water availability, water quality, wetlands and streams;

F. Measuring the quantity and quality of wetland and stream resources and ensuring no net loss of wetland and stream functions and values in compliance with WAC 365-196-830(4);

G. Protecting the public trust as to navigable waters and aquatic resources;

H. Alerting members of the public including, but not limited to, appraisers, owners, real estate agents, potential buyers or lessees to the development limitations of critical areas; and

I. Providing City officials with sufficient information to make informed land use decisions that protect critical areas. (Ord. 25-1031 § 2 (Exh. A); Ord. 16-1016 § 1 (Exh. B); Ord. 15-1018 § 1. Formerly 15.700.005)

18.15.010 Authority and Application

A. The provisions of this chapter shall apply to all land uses in the City and property owners within the City shall comply with the requirements of this chapter;

B. The City shall not approve any permit or issue any authorization to alter the condition of any land, water or vegetation or to construct any structure or improvement without first assuring compliance with the requirements of this chapter;

C. The provisions of this chapter do not apply to any habitat areas which come under the jurisdiction of the Shoreline Management Program; and

D. When any provision of any other chapter of the SeaTac Municipal Code conflicts with this chapter or when the provisions of this chapter are in conflict, that provision which provides more protection to critical areas shall apply unless specifically provided otherwise in this chapter or unless such provision conflicts with Federal or State laws or regulations. Compliance with the provisions of this title does not constitute compliance with other Federal, State, and local regulations and permit requirements that may be required (for example, shoreline permits, HPA permits, Army Corps of Engineers Section 404 permits, Ecology Section 401 permits, NPDES permits). The applicant is responsible for complying with these requirements. (Ord. 25-1031 § 2 (Exh. A); Ord. 16-1016 § 1 (Exh. B); Ord. 15-1018 § 1. Formerly 15.700.010)

18.15.015 Definitions

Alteration

Any human-induced change in an existing condition of a critical area or its buffer. Alterations include, but are not limited to, grading, filling, channelizing, dredging, clearing of vegetation, construction, compaction, excavation, or any other activity that changes the character of the critical area.

Base Flood

A flood having a one percent (1%) chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given year. Also referred to as the “one hundred (100) year flood.” Designation on maps always includes the letter A or V.

Buffer or Buffer Zone

The area contiguous with a critical area that maintains the functions and/or structural stability of the critical area. For stream-related buffer areas, see “Riparian Management Zone (RMZ)”.

Channel Migration Zone (CMZ)

The area within which a river channel is likely to move laterally over a specified period (e.g., one hundred (100) years).

Creation

The manipulation of the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics to develop a wetland on an upland or deepwater site, where a wetland did not previously exist. Creation results in a gain in wetland acreage and function. A typical action is the excavation of upland soils to elevations that will produce a wetland hydroperiod and hydric soils, and support the growth of hydrophytic plant species.

Critical Area

Any of those areas in the City which are subject to natural hazards (e.g., geologically hazardous areas) or those land features which support unique, fragile or valuable natural resources including fishes, wildlife and other organisms and their habitat, and such resources which carry, hold or purify water in their natural state. Critical areas include coal mine hazard areas, erosion hazard areas, flood hazard areas, landslide hazard areas, seismic hazard areas, steep slope hazard areas, streams, volcanic hazard areas, wetlands and critical aquifer recharge areas. For purposes of this chapter, wellhead protection areas and general groundwater resources are not considered to be critical aquifer recharge areas. Critical aquifer recharge areas are not mapped within City limits.

Critical Aquifer Recharge Areas

Areas with a critical recharging effect on aquifers used for potable water.

Critical Drainage Area

An area which has been formally defined in the City Surface Water Management Program to require more restrictive regulation than is standard in noncritical areas of the City in order to mitigate severe flooding, water quality issues, erosion or sedimentation problems which result from the cumulative impacts of development and urbanization.

Ecosystem Functions

The products, physical and biological conditions, and environmental qualities of an ecosystem that result from interactions among ecosystem processes and ecosystem structures. Ecosystem functions include, but are not limited to, sequestered carbon, attenuated peak stream flows, aquifer water level, reduced pollutant concentrations in surface and ground waters, cool summer in-stream water temperatures, and fish and wildlife habitats.

Ecosystem Values

The cultural, social, economic, and ecological benefits attributed to ecosystem functions.

Enhancement

The manipulation of the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of a wetland to heighten, intensify, or improve specific function(s) or to change the growth stage or composition of the vegetation present. Enhancement is undertaken for specified purposes such as water quality improvement, flood water retention, or wildlife habitat. Enhancement results in a change in wetland function(s) and can lead to a decline in other wetland functions, but does not result in a gain in wetland acres. Examples are planting vegetation, controlling non-native or invasive species, and modifying site elevations to alter hydroperiods.

Erosion and Deposition

The removal of soils and the placement of these removed soils elsewhere by the natural forces of wind and/or water runoff.

Erosion Hazard Areas

Areas likely to become unstable, such as bluffs, steep slopes, and areas with unconsolidated soils, pursuant to WAC 365-190-120.

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Floodway

The channel of the stream and that portion of the adjoining floodplain which is necessary to contain and discharge the base flood flow without increasing the base flood elevation more than one (1) foot.

Flood Hazard Areas

Those areas in the City subject to inundation by the base flood including, but not limited to, streams, lakes, wetlands and closed depressions.

Floodplain

Any land area susceptible to being inundated by water from any source.

Functions and Values

The beneficial services provided by critical areas to society, including but not limited to improving and maintaining water quality, providing fish and wildlife habitat, supporting terrestrial and aquatic food chains, reducing flooding and erosive flows, wave attenuation, historical or archaeological importance, educational opportunities, and recreation.

Geologically Hazardous Areas

Areas that because of their susceptibility to erosion, sliding, earthquake, or other geological events, are not suited to the siting of commercial, residential, or industrial development consistent with public health or safety concerns pursuant to WAC 365-190-120.

Hazardous Production Material (HPM)

A solid, liquid or gas that has a degree of hazard rating in health, flammability or reactivity of 3 or 4 as ranked by Fire Code Standard No. 79-3 and which is used directly in research, laboratory or production processes which have, as their end product, materials which are not hazardous.

Hazardous Substances

Any solid, liquid, gas or sludge, including any material, substance, product, commodity or waste, regardless of quantity, that exhibits any of the physical, chemical or biological properties described in WAC 173-303-090 or 173-303-100.

Hazard Tree

Trees that are a threat to life, property, or public safety.

Ordinary High Water Mark

The mark found by examining the bed and banks of a stream and ascertaining where the presence and action of waters are common and long maintained in ordinary years as to mark upon the soil a vegetative character distinct from that of the abutting upland. In any area where the ordinary high water mark cannot be found, the line of mean high water shall substitute. In any area where neither can be found, the top of the channel or lake bank shall substitute. In braided channels and alluvial fans, the ordinary high water mark or line of mean high water shall be measured so as to include the entire stream feature. The ordinary high water mark should be delineated in accordance with current federal and state guidance manuals, such as Determining the Ordinary High Water Mark for Shoreline Management Act Compliance in Washington State (2016), as amended.

Qualified Professional

A person with experience and training in the pertinent scientific discipline, and who is a qualified scientific expert with expertise appropriate for the relevant critical area subject in accordance with WAC 365-195-905. A qualified professional must have obtained a B.S. or B.A. or equivalent degree in biology, engineering, environmental studies, fisheries, geomorphology, or related field, and have at least five (5) years of related work experience.

A. A qualified professional for wetlands must be a professional wetland scientist or hydrogeologist licensed in the State of Washington with at least two (2) years of full-time work experience as a wetlands professional, including delineating wetlands using the Federal manuals and supplements, preparing wetlands reports, conducting function assessments, and developing and implementing mitigation plans.

B. A qualified professional for habitat must have a degree in biology or a related degree and professional experience related to the subject species.

C. A qualified professional for a geological hazard must be a professional engineer or geologist, licensed in the State of Washington.

D. A qualified professional for critical aquifer recharge areas means a hydrogeologist, geologist, or engineer licensed in the State of Washington, or other scientist with experience in preparing hydrogeologic assessments.

Reestablishment

The manipulation of the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of a site with the goal of returning natural or historic functions to a former wetland. Reestablishment results in rebuilding a former wetland and results in a gain in wetland acres and functions. Activities could include removing fill, plugging ditches, or breaking drain tiles.

Rehabilitation

The manipulation of the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of a site with the goal of repairing natural or historic functions and processes of a degraded wetland. Rehabilitation results in a gain in wetland function but does not result in a gain in wetland acres. Activities could involve breaching a dike to reconnect wetlands to a floodplain or returning tidal influence to a wetland.

Restoration

Measures taken to restore an altered or damaged natural feature, including:

A. Active steps taken to restore damaged wetlands, streams, protected habitat, or their buffers to the functioning condition that existed prior to an unauthorized alteration; and

B. Actions performed to reestablish structural and functional characteristics of a critical area that have been lost by alteration, past management activities, or catastrophic events.

Retention/Detention Facility

A type of drainage facility designed either to hold water for a considerable length of time and to release it by evaporation, plant transpiration and/or infiltration into the ground, or to hold runoff via structural controls and then release it to the surface and storm drainage system.

Retention/Detention Facility, Regional

A surface water control structure installed in or adjacent to a drainage facility, stream or wetland of a basin or sub-basin by the City or a project proponent, as required by the City. Such facilities protect downstream properties from predicted significant regional basin flooding or erosion problems.

Riparian Management Zone (RMZ)

Riparian management zones are the lands that occur along the edges of rivers and streams that are to remain vegetated and managed, often referred to as a buffer. The RMZ area has the potential to provide full riparian functions. In many forested regions of the state, this area occurs within one (1) two hundred (200) year site potential tree height measured from the edge of the stream channel. In situations where a channel migration zone (CMZ) is present, this occurs within one (1) site potential tree height measured from the edges of the CMZ. In non-forest zones, the RMZ is defined by the greater of the outermost point of the riparian vegetative community or the pollution removal function, at one hundred (100) feet.

Seismic Hazard Area

Those areas in the City subject to severe risk of earthquake damage as a result of soil liquefaction in areas underlain by cohesionless soils of low density and usually in association with a shallow groundwater table or other seismically induced settlement.

SEPA

The State Environmental Policy Act (Chapter 43.21C RCW) and the adopted City environmental policies.

Shoreline Master Program

The applicable City and State laws/codes related to the shoreline programs.

Steep Slope Hazard Areas

Those areas in the City on slopes of forty percent (40%) or greater within a vertical elevation change of at least twenty (20) feet. A slope is delineated by establishing its toe and top, and is measured by averaging the inclination over at least ten (10) feet of vertical relief.

Stream

A course or route, formed by nature, including those modified by man, generally consisting of a channel with a bed, banks, or sides substantially throughout its length, along which surface waters naturally and normally flow in draining from higher to lower lands. Normal rainfall is rainfall that is at or near the mean of the accumulated annual rainfall record, based upon the water year as recorded at the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport. Pursuant to the critical areas section, there are the following stream classifications consistent with WAC 222-16-030 or as amended:

A. Type S: only including streams inventoried as “Shorelines of the State” under the adopted Shoreline Master Program, pursuant to Chapter 90.58 RCW.

B. Type F: those watercourses that are known to be used by fish or meet the physical criteria to be potentially used by fish (as established in WAC 222-16-031(3) or as amended), and that have perennial (year-round) or seasonal flows.

C. Type Np: those watercourses that have perennial flows and do not meet the criteria of a Type F stream or have been proven not to contain fish using methods described in the Forest Practices Board Manual Section 13.

D. Type Ns: those watercourses that have intermittent flows (do not have surface flow during at least some portion of the year); do not meet the physical criteria of a Type F watercourse; or have been proven to not support fish using methods described in the Forest Practices Board Manual Section 13.

Stream Functions

Natural processes performed by streams including functions which are important in facilitating food chain production; providing habitat for nesting, rearing and resting sites for aquatic, terrestrial and avian species; maintaining the availability and quality of water, such as purifying water; acting as recharge and discharge areas for groundwater aquifers; moderating surface and stormwater flows and maintaining the free flowing conveyance of water, sediments and other organic matter.

Wetland

Those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs and similar areas. Wetlands do not include those artificial wetlands intentionally created from non-wetland sites, including, but not limited to, irrigation and drainage ditches, grass-lined swales, canals, detention facilities, wastewater treatment facilities, farm ponds, and landscape amenities, or those wetlands created after July 1, 1990, that were unintentionally created as a result of the construction of a road, street, or highway. Wetlands may include those artificial wetlands intentionally created from nonwetland areas to mitigate conversion of wetlands.

Wetland Edge

The line delineating the outer edge of a wetland established in accordance with the approved Federal wetland delineation manual and applicable regional supplements.

Wetland, Forested

A wetland with at least thirty percent (30%) of the surface area covered by woody vegetation greater than twenty (20) feet in height that is at least partially rooted within the wetland.

Wetland Functions

Natural processes performed by wetlands, including functions which are important in facilitating food chain production, providing habitat for nesting, rearing and resting sites for aquatic, terrestrial and avian species, maintaining availability and quality of water, acting as recharge and discharge areas for groundwater aquifers and moderating surface and stormwater flows, as well as providing other functions including, but not limited to, those set forth in 33 CFR 320.4(b)(2), 1988.

Wetland, Isolated

A wetland that is outside of and not contiguous to any one hundred (100) year floodplain of a lake, river or stream, and has no contiguous hydric soil or hydrophytic vegetation between the wetland and any surface water including other wetlands. Wetlands that are under jurisdiction of the Federal Clean Water Act are not isolated wetlands.

Wetland Mitigation Bank

A site where wetlands are restored, created, enhanced, or in exceptional circumstances preserved expressly for the purpose of providing compensatory mitigation in advance of unavoidable impacts to wetlands or other aquatic resources typically unknown at the time of certification to compensate for future, permitted impacts to similar resources.

Wetland Mosaic

An area with a concentration of multiple small wetlands, in which each patch of wetland is less than one (1) acre; on average, patches are less than one hundred (100) feet from each other; and areas delineated as vegetated wetland are more than fifty percent (50%) of the total area of the entire mosaic, including uplands and open water.

Wet Meadow, Grazed

Palustrine emergent wetland typically having up to six (6) inches of standing water during the wet season and dominated under normal conditions by meadow emergents such as reed, canary grass, spike rushes, bulrushes, sedges and other rushes. During the growing season, the soil is often saturated but not covered with water. These meadows frequently have been or are being used for livestock activities.

Wet Pond

An artificial water body constructed as a part of a surface water management system. (Ord. 25-1031 § 2 (Exh. A); Ord. 21-1015 §§ 5 – 7; Ord. 16-1016 § 1 (Exh. B); Ord. 15-1018 § 1. Formerly 15.700.015)

18.15.020 Appeals

Any decision to approve, condition or deny a development proposal based on the requirements of this chapter, Critical Areas, may be appealed according to, and as part of, the appeal procedure for the permit or approval involved. (Ord. 25-1031 § 2 (Exh. A); Ord. 16-1016 § 1 (Exh. B); Ord. 15-1018 § 1. Formerly 15.700.020)

18.15.030 Critical Area Rules

Applicable City departments are authorized to adopt administrative rules and regulations as are necessary and appropriate to implement this chapter, Critical Areas, and to prepare and require the use of such forms as are necessary for its administration. (Ord. 25-1031 § 2 (Exh. A); Ord. 16-1016 § 1 (Exh. B); Ord. 15-1018 § 1. Formerly 15.700.030)

18.15.040 Complete Exemptions

The following are exempt from the provisions of this chapter and any administrative rules promulgated thereunder; however, all exempt activities must be conducted in a manner that ensures no net loss of ecological functions and values of critical areas. If incidental impacts occur, they shall be addressed in accordance with the mitigation sequence outlined in SMC 18.15.120:

A. Emergencies which threaten the public health, safety and welfare or which pose an imminent risk of damage to private and public property as long as any alteration undertaken pursuant to this subsection is reported to the Department and Department of Public Works immediately, upon which the Director(s) shall either confirm that an emergency exists or determine if further permit review or mitigation is necessary. If mitigation is required, for restoration, rehabilitation, or replacement of a critical area damaged or altered by emergency activities, it must be initiated within one (1) year of the date of the emergency and completed in a timely manner;

B. Agricultural activities in existence before November 27, 1990, as follows:

1. Mowing of hay, grass or grain crops;

2. Tilling, dicing, planting, seeding, harvesting and related activities for pasture, food crops, grass seed or sod if such activities do not take place on steep slopes; and

3. Normal and routine maintenance of existing irrigation and drainage ditches not used by salmonids;

C. Public water, electric and natural gas distribution, public and private sewer collection, stormwater treatment and/or flow control facilities, cable communications, telephone distribution and collection system, and related activities undertaken pursuant to City approved best management practices, as follows:

1. Normal and routine maintenance or repair of existing utility structures or rights-of-way;

2. Relocation of electric facilities, lines, equipment or appurtenances, not including substations, with an associated voltage of fifty-five thousand (55,000) volts or less, only when required by a local governmental agency which approves the new location of facilities;

3. Replacement, operation, repair, modification or installation or construction in an improved City road right-of-way of all electric facilities, lines, equipment or appurtenances, not including substations, with an associated voltage of fifty-five thousand (55,000) volts or less;

4. Relocation or maintenance of sanitary and storm sewer systems, public water local distribution, natural gas, cable communication or telephone distribution and collection facilities, lines, pipes, ditches, mains, equipment or appurtenances, only when required by a local governmental agency which approves the new location of the facilities; and

5. Replacement, operation, repair, modification, installation or construction in an improved City road right-of-way of public local collection, public water distribution, natural gas, cable communication or telephone facilities, lines, pipes, mains, equipment or appurtenances;

D. Improvements, on-going maintenance, operation, repair or replacement of public roadways and pedestrian improvements in an improved public road right-of-way in existence prior to November 27, 1990, which, at a minimum, is improved with an all-weather driving surface (with any associated shoulders);

E. Construction and improvements of unimproved public rights-of-way in existence prior to November 27, 1990;

F. Improvements, on-going maintenance, operation, repair or replacement of public roadways and pedestrian improvements in an improved public road right-of-way constructed after November 27, 1990, in conformance with this chapter which, at a minimum, is improved with an all-weather driving surface (with any associated shoulders);

G. Emergent wetlands that have been created directly as the result of poorly maintained public storm drainage systems and would have not been created if the storm drainage system had otherwise been maintained;

H. Public agency development proposals only to the extent of any construction contract awarded before November 27, 1990; provided, that any law or regulation in effect at the time of such award shall apply to the proposal. (Ord. 25-1031 § 2 (Exh. A); Ord. 16-1022 § 1 (Exh. C); Ord. 16-1016 § 1 (Exh. B); Ord. 15-1018 § 1. Formerly 15.700.040)

18.15.050 Partial Exemptions

The following are exempt from the provisions of this chapter and any administrative rules promulgated thereunder, except for the notice on title provisions, SMC 18.15.160, Notice on Title; however, all exempt activities must be conducted in a manner that ensures no net loss of ecological functions and values of critical areas. If incidental impacts occur, they shall be addressed in accordance with the mitigation sequence outlined in SMC 18.15.120:

A. Structural modification of, addition to, or replacement of structures, except detached dwelling units, in existence before November 27, 1990, which do not meet the building setback or buffer requirements for wetlands, streams or steep slope hazard areas if the modification, addition, replacement or related activity does not increase the existing footprint of the structure lying within the above-described building setback area, critical area or buffer;

B. Structural modification of, addition to, or replacement of detached dwelling units in existence before November 27, 1990, which do not meet the building setback or buffer requirements for wetland, streams or steep slope hazard areas if the modification, addition, replacement or related activity does not increase the existing footprint of the residence lying within the above-described buffer or building setback area by more than one thousand (1,000) square feet over that existing before November 27, 1990, and no portion of the modification, addition or replacement is located closer to the critical area or, if the existing residence is in the critical area, extends further in the critical area; and

C. Maintenance or repair of structures which do not meet the development standards of this chapter for landslide and seismic hazard areas if the maintenance or repair does not increase the footprint of the structure, and there is no increased risk to life or property as a result of the proposed maintenance or repair. (Ord. 25-1031 § 2 (Exh. A); Ord. 25-1008 § 1 (Exh. A); Ord. 21-1015 § 8; Ord. 16-1016 § 1 (Exh. B); Ord. 15-1018 § 1. Formerly 15.700.050)

18.15.060 Exceptions

A. If the application of this chapter would prohibit a development proposal by a public agency or public utility, the agency or utility may apply for an exception as follows:

1. The public agency or utility shall apply to the Department and shall make available to the Department other related project documents such as permit applications to other agencies, special studies and SEPA documents. The application shall be processed as a Type II application pursuant to Chapter 16A.03 SMC;

2. The Director shall review the application and issue a decision based on the following criteria:

a. There is no other practical alternative to the proposed development with less impact on the critical area; and

b. The proposal minimizes the impact on critical areas;

3. This exception shall not allow the use of the following critical areas for regional retention/detention facilities except where there is a clear showing that the facility will protect public health and safety or repair damaged natural resources:

a. Type S streams or buffers;

b. Category I wetlands or buffers with plant association of infrequent occurrence; or

c. Category I or II wetlands or buffers which provide critical or outstanding habitat for herons, raptors or State or Federal designated endangered or threatened species unless clearly demonstrated by the applicant that there will be no impact on such habitat.

d. See SMC 18.15.290(L)(2) for additional criteria.

B. If the application of this chapter would deny all reasonable use of the property, the applicant may apply for a reasonable use exception pursuant to this subsection:

1. The applicant shall apply to the Department, which shall process the application as a Type II application pursuant to Chapter 16A.03 SMC. The applicant may apply for a reasonable use exception without first having applied for a variance if the requested exception includes relief from standards for which a variance cannot be granted pursuant to the provisions of this chapter.

2. The Director shall review the application and make a final decision based on the following criteria:

a. The application of this chapter would deny all reasonable use (as defined in SMC 15.105.180) of the property;

b. There is no other reasonable use with less impact on the critical area;

c. The proposed development does not pose an unreasonable threat to the public health, safety or welfare on or off the development proposal site and is consistent with the general purposes of this chapter and the public interest; and

d. Any alterations permitted to the critical area shall be the minimum necessary to allow for reasonable use of the property.

e. The inability of the applicant to derive reasonable use of the property is not the result of actions by the current or previous owner in subdividing the property or adjusting a boundary line, thereby creating the undevelopable condition, after the effective date of the ordinance codified in this chapter.

f. The fact that property may be utilized more profitably than allowed based on strict interpretation of this title shall not be an element of consideration in any review of a reasonable use request.

3. Any authorized alteration of a critical area under this subsection shall be subject to conditions established by the Director including, but not limited to, mitigation under an approved mitigation plan. (Ord. 25-1031 § 2 (Exh. A); Ord. 18-1001 § 5; Ord. 16-1016 § 1 (Exh. B); Ord. 15-1018 § 1. Formerly 15.700.060)

18.15.070 Critical Area Maps and Inventories

The distribution of critical areas in the City is displayed on maps in the Environment Element of the City’s Comprehensive Plan, available from the Community and Economic Development Department and through the City’s website. If there is a conflict among the maps, inventory and site-specific features, the actual presence or absence of the features defined in this code as critical areas shall govern. (Ord. 25-1031 § 2 (Exh. A); Ord. 16-1016 § 1 (Exh. B); Ord. 15-1018 § 1. Formerly 15.700.070)

18.15.080 Disclosure by Applicant

A. The applicant shall disclose to the City the presence of critical areas on the development proposal site.

B. If the development proposal site contains or is within a critical area, the applicant shall submit an affidavit which declares whether the applicant has knowledge of any illegal alteration to any or all critical areas on the development proposal site and whether the applicant previously has been found in violation of this chapter. If the applicant previously has been found in violation, the applicant shall declare whether such violation has been corrected to the satisfaction of the City. (Ord. 25-1031 § 2 (Exh. A); Ord. 16-1016 § 1 (Exh. B); Ord. 15-1018 § 1. Formerly 15.700.080)

18.15.090 Critical Area Review

A. The City shall review any development proposal, permit application, or other request for permission to proceed with an alteration on a site which includes a potential or confirmed critical area or buffer.

B. As part of the review, the City shall:

1. Determine whether a critical area report is required;

2. Evaluate the critical area report;

3. Determine whether the development proposal is consistent with this chapter;

4. Determine whether any proposed alteration to the critical area is necessary; and

5. Determine if the mitigation and monitoring plans and bonding measures proposed by the applicant are sufficient to protect the public health, safety and welfare, consistent with the goals, purposes, objectives and requirements of this chapter. (Ord. 25-1031 § 2 (Exh. A); Ord. 16-1016 § 1 (Exh. B); Ord. 15-1018 § 1. Formerly 15.700.090)

18.15.100 Critical Area Report Requirement

A. An applicant for a development proposal which requires a critical area report pursuant to SMC 18.15.090 shall submit a critical area report that complies with the requirements of this chapter.

B. The City may waive the requirement for a critical area report if the applicant shows to the City’s satisfaction that:

1. There will be no alteration of the critical area or buffer;

2. The development proposal will not have an impact on the critical area in a manner contrary to the goals, purposes, objectives and requirements of this chapter; and

3. The minimum standards required by this chapter are met.

C. If necessary to insure compliance with this chapter, the City may require additional information from the applicant and/or require third-party peer review.

If the City requires peer review of any critical area report, it shall be conducted at the applicant’s expense when additional technical evaluation is necessary to assess site conditions, report accuracy, or potential impacts. The review shall be conducted by a qualified professional selected by the City. (Ord. 25-1031 § 2 (Exh. A); Ord. 16-1016 § 1 (Exh. B); Ord. 15-1018 § 1. Formerly 15.700.100)

18.15.110 Contents of Critical Area Report

A. The critical area report shall be based on the best available science as defined in RCW 36.70A.172 and WAC 365-195-900 through 365-195-925, as amended, and shall be conducted by a qualified professional(s), as defined in SMC 18.15.015.

B. The critical area report shall contain the following:

1. Identification and characterization of all critical areas on or encompassing the development proposal site;

2. Assessment of the impacts of any alteration proposed for a critical area or buffer, as applicable, assessment of the impacts of any alteration on the development proposal, other properties and the environment;

3. Studies which propose adequate mitigation, maintenance, monitoring and contingency plans and bonding measures, including:

a. Identify measurable standards and expectations to monitor compliance (e.g., areal extent of vegetative cover, composition of riparian tree species, maximum invasive plant cover),

b. Identify the frequency of site visits for monitoring (e.g., at years one (1), two (2), three (3), five (5), eight (8), and ten (10)) and measurable triggers that may require further action (e.g., maximum percent area coverage of invasive plants),

c. If deemed necessary by the City, include a cost estimate for monitoring, with the project proponent posting a bond for this amount or more to account for potential overages;

4. A scale map of the development proposal site;

5. Detailed studies, as required by the City; and

6. Assessment of the project’s climate resiliency within critical areas (e.g., increasing habitat connectivity, planning for wider range of stream flows, and increasing stream shading);

7. An analysis in line with the mitigation sequence (SMC 18.15.120), demonstrating that the following were considered as options to satisfy avoidance of impacts. This shall include but is not limited to:

a. Alternative building locations on the property;

b. Adjustments to the project footprint and orientation;

c. Modification of setbacks, where feasible, as a first option before encroaching into critical areas or their buffers;

d. Multi-story design or alternate building design.

C. A critical area report may be combined with any studies required by other laws and regulations.

D. When a vegetation management plan is required by this code (SMC 18.15.140), it is recommended that the qualified professional(s) preparing the critical area report include the vegetation management plan in the critical area report.

E. Watershed Management. Critical area reports for streams and riparian management zones should incorporate watershed-scale management considerations, including the restoration and protection of watersheds and connectivity, as well as planning for climate change.

1. Restore and Protect Watershed Processes. Maintain the frequencies, magnitudes, and durations of natural disturbances (flood and fire being the most common) to the greatest extent that surrounding land uses can tolerate.

2. Restore and Protect Connectivity. Manage watersheds to avoid creating longitudinal (e.g., dams, road crossings), lateral (e.g., levees and roads/buildings that cut off riparian areas and floodplains from their stream), and vertical (water withdrawals, reductions of floodplains) barriers to fish and wildlife movement and fragmentation of their habitat.

3. Plan for Climate Change. Impending changes to aquatic systems caused by climate change increases risk to species already threatened, and riparian ecosystem protection is one of the most useful responses to ameliorate those risks. (Ord. 25-1031 § 2 (Exh. A); Ord. 16-1016 § 1 (Exh. B); Ord. 15-1018 § 1. Formerly 15.700.110)

18.15.120 Mitigation, Maintenance, Monitoring and Contingency

A. Before impacting any critical area or its buffer, an applicant shall demonstrate that the following actions have been taken. Actions are listed in the order of preference:

1. Avoid the impact altogether by not taking a certain action or parts of an action.

2. Minimize impacts by limiting the degree or magnitude of the action and its implementation, by using appropriate technology, or by taking affirmative steps to avoid or reduce impacts.

3. Rectify the impact by repairing, rehabilitating, or restoring the affected environment.

4. Reduce or eliminate the impact over time by preservation and maintenance operations.

5. Compensate for the impact by replacing, enhancing, or providing substitute resources or environments.

6. Monitor the required compensation and take remedial or corrective measures when necessary. (Ord. 25-1031 § 2 (Exh. A); Ord. 16-1016 § 1 (Exh. B); Ord. 15-1018 § 1. Formerly 15.700.120)

18.15.130 Bonds to Insure Mitigation, Maintenance and Monitoring

A. When mitigation required pursuant to a development proposal is not completed prior to the City finally approving the proposal, the City may delay final approval until mitigation is completed or may require the applicant to post a performance bond or other security in a form and amount deemed acceptable by the City. The bond shall be sufficient to guarantee that all required mitigation measures will be completed no later than the time established by the City in accordance with this chapter.

B. If the development proposal is subject to mitigation, maintenance or monitoring plans, the applicant shall post a maintenance/monitoring bond or other security in a form and amount deemed acceptable by the City. The bond shall be sufficient to guarantee performance of conditions or mitigation measures required by this chapter for a period of up to five (5) years. The duration of maintenance/monitoring obligations shall be established by the City, based upon the nature of the proposed mitigation, maintenance or monitoring and the likelihood and expense of correcting mitigation or maintenance failures.

C. Performance and maintenance/monitoring bonds or other security shall also be required for restoration of a critical area or buffer not performed as part of a mitigation or maintenance plan, except that no bond shall be required for minor stream restoration carried out pursuant to this chapter. The bond or other security shall be in a form and amount deemed acceptable by the City.

D. Performance and maintenance/monitoring bonds or other security authorized by this section shall remain in effect until the City determines, in writing, that the standards bonded for have been met.

E. Depletion, failure or collection of bond funds shall not discharge the obligation of an applicant or violator to complete required mitigation, maintenance, monitoring or restoration.

F. Development proposals made by the City shall be relieved from having to comply with the bonding requirements of this section if public funds have previously been committed for mitigation, maintenance, monitoring or restoration. (Ord. 25-1031 § 2 (Exh. A); Ord. 16-1016 § 1 (Exh. B); Ord. 15-1018 § 1. Formerly 15.700.130)

18.15.140 Vegetation Management Plan

A. For all development proposals where alterations to the critical area are permitted by code, and/or preservation of existing vegetation is required by this chapter, a vegetation management plan shall be submitted and approved prior to issuance of the permit or other request for permission to proceed with any alteration. The vegetation management plan shall be prepared by a qualified professional(s), as defined in SMC 18.15.015, and is encouraged to be prepared by the same professional(s) that prepared the critical area report.

B. The vegetation management plan shall identify the proposed clearing limits for the project and any areas where vegetation in a critical area or its buffer is proposed to be disturbed.

C. Where clearing includes cutting any merchantable stand of timber, as defined in WAC 222-16-010, the vegetation management plan shall include a description of proposed logging practices which demonstrates how all critical areas will be protected in accordance with the provisions of this chapter.

D. Clearing limits as shown on the plan shall be marked in the field in a prominent and durable manner. Proposed methods of field marking shall be reviewed and approved by the City prior to any site alteration. Field marking shall remain in place until the certificate of occupancy or final project approval is granted.

E. The vegetation management plan may be incorporated into a temporary erosion and sediment control plan or landscaping plan where either of these plans is required by other laws or regulations.

F. Submittal requirements for vegetation management plans shall be set forth in the application packet. (Ord. 25-1031 § 2 (Exh. A); Ord. 16-1016 § 1 (Exh. B); Ord. 15-1018 § 1. Formerly 15.700.140)

18.15.150 Critical Area Markers and Signs

A. Permanent survey stakes delineating the boundary between adjoining properties and critical area tracts or easements shall be set, using iron or concrete markers as established by current survey standards.

B. The boundary between a critical area tract and contiguous land shall be identified with permanent signs, printed in two (2) international languages.

C. In all new developments, short plats, and formal subdivisions, all storm drains shall be stenciled “Dump No Waste, Drains to Stream” prior to the occupancy of any structures within the new development, or prior to the occupancy of any new residence within the short plat or formal subdivision. (Ord. 25-1031 § 2 (Exh. A); Ord. 16-1016 § 1 (Exh. B); Ord. 15-1018 § 1. Formerly 15.700.150)

18.15.160 Notice on Title

A. The owner of any property containing critical areas or buffers on which a development proposal is submitted, except a public right-of-way or the site of a permanent public facility, shall file a covenant approved by the City with the King County Records and Elections Division. The required contents and form of the notice shall be set forth in administrative rules. The notice shall inform the public of the presence of critical areas or buffers on the property, of the application of this chapter to the property, and that limitations on actions in or affecting such critical areas or buffers may exist. The covenant shall run with the land.

B. The applicant shall submit proof that the notice has been filed for public record before the City shall approve any development proposal for the property or, in the case of subdivisions, short subdivisions, and binding site plans, at or before recording. (Ord. 25-1031 § 2 (Exh. A); Ord. 16-1016 § 1 (Exh. B); Ord. 15-1018 § 1. Formerly 15.700.160)

18.15.170 Critical Area Tracts or Easements and Designation on Site Plans

A. Critical area tracts shall be used to delineate and protect those critical areas and buffers listed below in development proposals for subdivisions, binding site plans and easements for short plats and other developments, and shall be recorded on all documents of title of record for all affected lots:

1. All landslide hazard areas and buffers which are one (1) acre or greater in size;

2. All steep slopes hazard areas and buffers which are one (1) acre or greater in size;

3. All wetlands and buffers; and

4. All streams and riparian management zones.

B. Any required critical area tract shall be held in undivided interest by each owner of a building lot within the development, with this ownership interest passing with the ownership of the lot, or shall be held by an incorporated homeowner’s association or other legal entity which assures the ownership, maintenance and protection of the tract.

C. Site plans submitted as part of development proposals for building permits, master plan developments and clearing and grading permits shall include and delineate all landslide and steep slope hazard areas, streams and wetlands, buffers and building setbacks. The site plans shall be attached to the notice on title required by SMC 18.15.160, Notice on Title. (Ord. 25-1031 § 2 (Exh. A); Ord. 16-1016 § 1 (Exh. B); Ord. 15-1018 § 1. Formerly 15.700.170)

18.15.180 Building Setbacks

Unless otherwise provided, buildings and other structures shall be set back a distance of fifteen (15) feet from the edges of all critical area buffers, riparian management zones or from the edges of all critical areas if no buffers are required. The following may be allowed in the building setback area:

A. Landscaping (such as vegetated LID BMPs);

B. Uncovered decks;

C. Building overhangs if such overhangs do not extend more than eighteen (18) inches into the setback area; and

D. Impervious ground surfaces, such as driveways and patios; provided, that such improvements may be subject to special drainage provisions specified in City policies and rules adopted for the various critical areas. Driveways and patio areas shall be permeable pavement where feasible.

Critical area buffer requirements may be found in the development standards section for each type of critical area. (Ord. 25-1031 § 2 (Exh. A); Ord. 16-1022 § 1 (Exh. C); Ord. 16-1016 § 1 (Exh. B); Ord. 15-1018 § 1. Formerly 15.700.180)

18.15.185 Hazard Tree Removal in Critical Areas

Hazard trees are a threat to life, property, or public safety and require that the method of tree removal not adversely affect critical area functions if possible, with the following considerations:

A. Any removal of hazard trees should involve avoidance and minimization of damage to remaining trees and vegetation within the critical area.

B. A qualified arborist must evaluate requests for hazard tree removal.

C. The qualified arborist should determine when a tree presents an imminent threat to life, property, or public safety.

D. The hazard tree is encouraged to be retained as a snag for wildlife habitat.

E. Hazard tree removal in critical areas and buffers requires a minimum three to one (3:1) replacement ratio. (Ord. 25-1031 § 2 (Exh. A))

18.15.190 Erosion Hazard Areas – Development Standards and Permitted Alterations

A. Clearing on an erosion hazard area is allowed only from April 1st to September 1st, except that:

1. Up to fifteen thousand (15,000) square feet may be cleared on any lot, subject to any other requirement for vegetation retention and subject to any clearing and grading permit required by Chapter 15.445 SMC, Landscaping and Tree Retention; and

2. Timber harvest may be allowed pursuant to an approved forest practice permit issued by the Washington Department of Natural Resources or a clearing and grading permit issued by the City.

B. All development proposals on sites containing erosion hazard areas shall include a temporary erosion control plan consistent with this section and other laws and regulations prior to receiving approval.

C. All subdivisions, short subdivisions or binding site plans on sites with erosion hazard areas shall comply with the following additional requirements:

1. Except as provided in this section, existing vegetation shall be retained on all lots until building permits are approved for development on individual lots;

2. If any vegetation on the lots is damaged or removed during construction of the subdivision infrastructure, the applicant shall be required to submit a restoration plan to the City for review and approval. Following approval, the applicant shall be required to implement the plan;

3. Clearing of vegetation on lots may be allowed without a separate clearing and grading permit if the City determines that:

a. Such clearing is a necessary part of a large scale grading plan;

b. It is not feasible to perform such grading on an individual lot basis; and

c. Drainage from the graded area will meet current water quality standards.

D. The use of hazardous substances, pesticides and fertilizers in erosion hazard areas may be prohibited by the City under the applicable RCW statutes. (Ord. 25-1031 § 2 (Exh. A); Ord. 16-1022 § 1 (Exh. C); Ord. 16-1016 § 1 (Exh. B); Ord. 15-1018 § 1. Formerly 15.700.190)

18.15.200 Flood Hazard Areas

If an area of special flood hazard is located on or adjacent to a development site, all activities on the site shall be in compliance with the following requirements and restrictions:

A. The provisions of Chapter 18.10 SMC.

B. Prior to approval of any development proposal within an area of special flood hazard, special environmental studies must demonstrate that the proposed development and related construction activities will not result in an increase in the frequency, severity, or magnitude of flooding on the development site or on properties within the same hydrologic system. (Ord. 25-1031 § 2 (Exh. A); Ord. 21-1015 § 3; Ord. 16-1016 § 1 (Exh. B); Ord. 15-1018 § 1. Formerly 15.700.200)

18.15.250 Landslide Hazard Areas – Development Standards and Permitted Alterations

A development proposal on a site containing a landslide hazard area shall meet the following requirements:

A. A minimum buffer of fifty (50) feet shall be established from all edges of the landslide hazard area. The buffer shall be extended as required to mitigate a steep slope or erosion hazard or as otherwise necessary to protect the public health, safety and welfare;

B. Unless otherwise provided herein, or as part of an approved alteration, removal of any vegetation from a landslide hazard area or buffer shall be prohibited, except for limited removal of vegetation necessary for surveying purposes and for the removal of hazard trees determined to be unsafe according to tree selection rules promulgated pursuant to this chapter. Notice to the City shall be provided prior to any vegetation removal permitted by this subsection;

C. Vegetation on slopes within a landslide hazard area or buffer which has been damaged by human activity or infested by noxious weeds may be replaced with vegetation native to the City pursuant to an enhancement plan approved by the City. The use of hazardous substances, pesticides and fertilizers in landslide hazard areas and their buffers may be prohibited by the City under the applicable RCW statutes; and

D. Alterations to landslide hazard areas and buffers may be allowed only as follows:

1. A landslide hazard area located on a slope of forty percent (40%) or steeper may be altered only if the alteration meets the standards and limitations set forth for steep slope hazard areas in SMC 18.15.270, Steep Slope Hazard Areas – Development Standards and Permitted Alterations;

2. A landslide hazard area located on a slope less than forty percent (40%) may be altered only if the alteration meets the following requirements:

a. The development proposal will not decrease slope stability on contiguous properties; and

b. The landslide hazard area is modified or the development proposal is designed so that the landslide hazard to the project and contiguous property is limited or mitigated, and the development proposal on the site is determined to be safe by the City based on a study prepared by a geologist or geotechnical engineer; and

3. Neither buffers nor a critical area tract shall be required if the alterations meet the standards of subsection (D)(2) of this section. (Ord. 25-1031 § 2 (Exh. A); Ord. 16-1016 § 1 (Exh. B); Ord. 15-1018 § 1. Formerly 15.700.250)

18.15.260 Seismic Hazard Areas – Development Standards and Permitted Alterations

A development proposal on a site containing a seismic hazard area shall meet the following requirements:

A. Unless exempt, development proposals shall be subject to review standards based on two (2) occupancy types: critical facilities and other structures. The review standards for critical facilities shall be based on larger earthquake reoccurrence intervals. The review standards for both occupancy types shall be set forth in administrative rules;

B. Alterations to seismic hazard areas may be allowed only as follows:

1. The evaluation of site-specific subsurface conditions shows that the proposed development site is not located in a seismic hazard area; or

2. Mitigation is implemented which renders the proposed development as safe as if it were not located in a seismic hazard area; and

C. The following are exempt from the provisions of this section:

1. Mobile homes; and

2. Single story, nonresidential structures which are less than two thousand five hundred (2,500) square feet and are not used as places of employment or public assembly. (Ord. 25-1031 § 2 (Exh. A); Ord. 16-1016 § 1 (Exh. B); Ord. 15-1018 § 1. Formerly 15.700.260)

18.15.270 Steep Slope Hazard Areas – Development Standards and Permitted Alterations

A development proposal on a site containing a steep slope hazard area shall meet the following requirements:

A. A minimum buffer of fifty (50) feet shall be established from the top, toe and along all sides of any slope forty percent (40%) or steeper. The buffer shall be extended as required to mitigate a landslide or erosion hazard or as otherwise necessary to protect the public health, safety and welfare. The buffer may be reduced to a minimum of ten (10) feet if, based on a critical area report, the City determines that the reduction will adequately protect the proposed development and the critical area. For detached dwelling residential building permits only, the City may waive the special study requirement and authorize buffer reductions if the City determines that the reduction will adequately protect the proposed development and the critical area, and the critical area was created by a previously permitted man-made retaining wall and/or engineered slope;

B. Unless otherwise provided herein or as part of an approved alteration, removal of any vegetation from a steep slope hazard area or buffer shall be prohibited, except for limited removal of vegetation necessary for surveying purposes and for the removal of hazard trees determined to be unsafe according to tree selection rules promulgated pursuant to this chapter. Notice to the City shall be provided prior to any vegetation removal permitted by this subsection;

C. Vegetation on steep slopes within steep slope hazard areas or their buffers which has been damaged by human activity or infested by noxious weeds may be replaced with vegetation native to the region pursuant to a vegetation management plan approved by the City. The use of hazardous substances, pesticides and fertilizers in steep slope hazard areas and their buffers may be prohibited by the City;

D. Alterations to steep slope hazard areas and buffers may be allowed only as follows:

1. Approved surface water conveyances, as specified in the Surface Water Design Manual, may be allowed on steep slopes if they are installed in a manner to minimize disturbance to the slope and vegetation;

2. Public and private trails may be allowed on steep slopes if they receive site-specific approval by the City, as guided by the construction and maintenance standards in the U.S. Forest Service “Trails Management Handbook,” FSH 2309.18, June 1987, as amended, and the “Standard Specifications for Construction of Trails” (EM-7720-102, June 1984, as amended). Under no circumstances shall trails be constructed of concrete, asphalt or other impervious surfaces which will contribute to surface water runoff, unless such construction is necessary for soil stabilization or soil erosion prevention or unless the trail system is specifically designed and intended to be accessible to handicapped person(s);

3. Utility corridors may be allowed on steep slopes if a special study shows that such alterations will not subject the area to the risk of landslide or erosion;

4. Limited trimming and pruning of vegetation may be allowed on steep slopes pursuant to an approved vegetation management plan for the creation and maintenance of views if the soils are not disturbed and the activity is subject to administrative rules; and

5. Approved mining and quarrying activities may be allowed; and

E. The following are exempt from the provisions of this section:

1. Slopes which are forty percent (40%) or steeper with a vertical elevation change of up to twenty (20) feet if no adverse impact will result from the exemption based on the City’s review of and concurrence with a soils report prepared by a geologist or geotechnical engineer; and

2. The approved regrading of any slope which was created through previous legal grading activities. Any slope which remains forty percent (40%) or steeper following site development shall be subject to all requirements for steep slopes. (Ord. 25-1031 § 2 (Exh. A); Ord. 25-1008 § 1 (Exh. A); Ord. 16-1016 § 1 (Exh. B); Ord. 15-1018 § 1. Formerly 15.700.270)

18.15.275 Wetlands – Identification and Rating

A. Identification of wetlands and delineation of their boundaries pursuant to this chapter shall be done in accordance with the approved Federal wetland delineation manual and applicable regional supplement. All areas within the City meeting the wetland designation criteria in that procedure are hereby designated critical areas and are subject to the provisions of this chapter. Wetland delineations are valid for five (5) years; after which time the City may determine whether a revision or additional assessment is necessary.

B. Wetlands shall be rated according to the Washington Department of Ecology wetland rating system, as set forth in the Washington State Wetland Rating System for Western Washington: 2014 Update, Version 2.0 (Ecology Publication No. 23-06-009, or as revised and approved by Ecology), which contains the definitions, methods and criteria for determining a wetland’s categorization as Category I, II, III or IV.

C. Wetland rating categories shall not change due to illegal modifications. (Ord. 25-1031 § 2 (Exh. A); Ord. 16-1016 § 1 (Exh. B). Formerly 15.700.275)

18.15.280 Wetlands – Development Standards

A development proposal on a site containing a wetland shall meet the following requirements:

A. Buffers Required. A buffer shall be established adjacent to designated wetland areas. The purpose of the buffer area shall be to protect the integrity, functions and values of the wetland area. Buffer widths shall be appropriate for the sensitivity of the wetland and for the risks associated with land use development.

B. Standard Buffers Comply with BAS. The following standard buffers have been established in accordance with the best available science (codified at RCW 36.70A.172 and WAC 365-195-900 through 365-195-925). They are based on the category of wetland and the habitat score as determined by a qualified wetland professional.

Standard Wetland Buffers

The following table specifies standard buffers, which may be modified pursuant to subsections (E) through (I) of this section:
Wetland Category	Habitat Score
Wetland Category	3 – 5	6 – 7	8 – 9
	Buffer Width in Feet
Category I	75	165	225
Category II	75	165	225
Category III	60	165	225
Category IV	40

C. Impact Minimization Measures Required. The use of the standard buffer widths requires the implementation of the measures in the following table, where applicable, to minimize the impacts of the adjacent land uses. Activities listed under “Examples of Activities That Cause Disturbances” include but are not limited to those listed. If an applicant chooses not to apply those measures, then a thirty-three percent (33%) increase in the width of all buffers is required. For example, a seventy-five (75) foot buffer with the measures implemented would increase to a one hundred (100) foot buffer without them.

Wetland Impact Minimization Measures
Disturbance	Examples of Activities and Uses That Cause Disturbances	Required Measures to Minimize Impacts
Lights	• Parking lots • Warehouses • Industrial • Multi-family residential	• Direct lights away from wetland
Noise in excess of limitations as set forth in SMC 15.460.020	• Industrial • Parking lots • Multi-family residential	• Locate activity that generates noise away from wetland
Toxic runoff	• Parking lots • Roads • Industrial • Residential • Pesticide application • Landscaping	• Route all new, untreated runoff away from wetland while ensuring wetland is not dewatered • Establish covenants limiting use of pesticides within 150 ft of wetland • Apply integrated pest management*
Stormwater runoff	• Roads • Driveways • Parking lots	• Retrofit stormwater detention and treatment for roads and existing adjacent development • Prevent channelized flow from lawns that directly enters the buffer • Use LID BMPs
Changes in water regime	• Impervious surfaces • Lawns • Tilling	• Infiltrate or treat, detain, and disperse into buffer new runoff from impervious surfaces and new lawns
Pets and human disturbance	• Multi-family residential • Leash free dog park	• Use privacy fencing OR plant dense vegetation to delineate buffer edge and to discourage disturbance using vegetation appropriate for the regional ecology • Place wetland and its buffer in a separate tract or protect with a conservation easement
Dust	• Excavation • Construction	• Use best management practices to control dust

* “Integrated pest management” is defined as the careful consideration of all available pest control techniques and subsequent integration of appropriate measures that discourage the development of pest populations and keep pesticides and other interventions to levels that reduce or minimize risks to human health and the environment.

D. Vegetated Buffer Assumption. The buffer widths assume that the buffer is vegetated with a native plant community appropriate for the regional ecology. If the existing buffer is sparsely vegetated, or vegetated with invasive species that do not perform needed functions, the buffer shall either be planted to create the appropriate plant community or widened to ensure that functions and values of the buffer are adequately provided.

E. Increased Buffers. Increased buffer widths may be required on a case-by-case basis when necessary to protect wetland functions and values. This determination shall be supported by a critical area report or other appropriate documentation showing that it is reasonably related to protection of the functions and values of the wetland, or when:

1. The buffer is within twenty-five (25) feet of the top or toe of a slope that is greater than thirty percent (30%); or

2. The slope is susceptible to erosion and standard best management practices (BMPs) and erosion-control measures will not prevent adverse impacts to the wetland.

F. Buffer Width Averaging. Buffer width averaging may be allowed in accordance with an approved critical area report; provided, that all of the following criteria are met:

1. It will not reduce protection to wetlands or their functions;

2. The total area contained in the buffer after averaging does not decrease;

3. The buffer at its narrowest point is not less than seventy-five percent (75%) of the standard width; and

4. The critical area report shall describe the current functions and values of the wetland and its buffer, and the measures that will be taken to ensure that there is no loss of wetland function due to averaging in compliance with WAC 365-196-830(4).

G. Reduced Buffer Allowance. Reduced buffers may be allowed, with enhancements, in accordance with an approved critical area report, provided:

1. The applicant demonstrates buffer width averaging is not feasible and is not proposed; and

2. The existing condition of the buffer is degraded, and additional protection to the wetland is provided through the implementation of a buffer enhancement plan.

3. Buffer enhancement may include, but is not limited to:

a. Planting native vegetation that would increase value for fish and wildlife habitat, improve water quality, or provide aesthetic or recreational value;

b. Enhancement of wildlife habitat by incorporating structures that are likely to be used by wildlife, including wood duck boxes, bat boxes, nesting platforms, snags, rootwads, stumps, birdhouses, and nesting areas;

c. Removing non-native plant species and noxious weeds from the buffer area and replanting the area subject to subsection (G)(3)(a) of this section.

4. Buffer reductions under this section shall be limited to twenty-five percent (25%) of the standard buffer width.

H. Buffer Exemption. When a property redevelops, if portions of a buffer width required by this chapter are already developed with legally established physical improvements (e.g., buildings, pavement), those portions of the proposed redevelopment area within the required buffer width are exempt from the buffer requirements of this chapter.

I. Buffers on Mitigation Sites. All mitigation sites shall have buffers consistent with the buffer requirements of this chapter. Buffers shall be based on the target or expected category of the wetland.

J. Determination by Wetland Professional. Alterations to buffer width requirements pursuant to this section shall be determined by a qualified wetland professional using established methodologies and approved Federal and State manuals.

K. Hazardous Substances Prohibited. The use of hazardous substances, pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers in a wetland or its buffer is prohibited except as provided in SMC 18.15.290(D). (Ord. 25-1031 § 2 (Exh. A); Ord. 25-1008 § 1 (Exh. A); Ord. 16-1016 § 1 (Exh. B); Ord. 15-1018 § 1. Formerly 15.700.285)

18.15.290 Wetlands – Permitted Alterations and Allowed Uses

Alterations to wetlands and buffers may be allowed only as follows:

A. If the City determines, based upon its review of a critical area report completed by qualified professionals, that the proposed development will protect or enhance the wildlife habitat, natural drainage or other valuable functions of the wetland and will be consistent with the purposes of this chapter.

To establish the conditions in this subsection, detailed studies may be required as part of the critical area report on habitat value, functions, hydrology, erosion, and/or water quality. Such detailed studies shall include at a minimum:

1. Specific recommendations for mitigation;

2. Existing and proposed wetland acreage;

3. Vegetative, faunal and hydrologic conditions;

4. Relationship within watershed and to existing waterbodies;

5. Soil and substrate conditions, topographic elevations;

6. Existing and proposed adjacent site conditions;

7. Required wetland buffers;

8. Property ownership; and

9. A discussion of ongoing management practices to monitor and maintain wetland functions and habitat value.

The requirements in this subsection may be modified upon written approval of the Director, if the applicant demonstrates that the requirements of this section are met or are otherwise unnecessary;

B. If a wetland is in a flood hazard area, the applicant shall notify affected communities and native tribes of proposed alterations prior to any alteration and submit evidence of such notification to the Federal Insurance Administration;

C. The introduction of any plant or wildlife which is not indigenous to the City or King County into any wetland or buffer unless authorized by a State or Federal permit or approval is prohibited;

D. Enhancement of a wetland buffer through the removal of non-native invasive plant species. Removal of invasive plant species shall be restricted to hand removal unless permits from the appropriate regulatory agencies have been obtained for approved biological or chemical treatments. All removed plant material shall be taken away from the site and appropriately disposed of. Plants that appear on the Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board list of noxious weeds must be handled and disposed of according to a noxious weed control plan appropriate to that species. Revegetation with appropriate native species at natural densities is allowed in conjunction with removal of invasive plant species;

E. Conservation or restoration activities aimed at protecting the soil, water, vegetation, or wildlife;

F. The harvesting of wild crops (e.g., native berries) in a manner that is not injurious to natural reproduction of such crops and provided the harvesting does not require tilling of soil, planting of crops, chemical applications or alteration of the wetland by changing existing topography, water conditions or water sources;

G. Educational and scientific research activities;

H. Normal and routine maintenance and repair of any existing public or private facilities within an existing right-of-way; provided, that the maintenance or repair does not expand the footprint of the facility or right-of-way;

I. Utilities may be allowed in wetland buffers if:

1. The City determines that no practical alternative location is available; and

2. The utility corridor meets any additional requirements set forth in administrative rules including, but not limited to, requirements for installation, replacement of vegetation and maintenance;

J. Sanitary and storm sewer utility corridors may be allowed in wetland buffers only if:

1. The applicant demonstrates that sewer lines are necessary for gravity flow;

2. The corridor is not located in a wetland or buffer used by species listed as endangered or threatened by the State or Federal government or contain critical or outstanding actual habitat for those species or heron rookeries or raptor nesting trees;

3. The corridor alignment including, but not limited to, any allowed maintenance roads follows a path beyond a distance equal to seventy-five percent (75%) of the buffer width from the wetland edge;

4. Corridor construction and maintenance protects the wetland and buffer and is aligned to avoid cutting trees greater than eight (8) inches in diameter as measured four (4) feet above ground level, when possible, and pesticides, herbicides, and hazardous substances are not used;

5. An additional, contiguous and undisturbed buffer, equal in width to the proposed corridor including any allowed maintenance roads, is provided to protect the wetland;

6. The corridor is revegetated with appropriate vegetation native to the City and King County at preconstruction densities or greater immediately upon completion of construction or as soon thereafter as possible, and the sewer utility ensures that such vegetation survives;

7. Any additional corridor access for maintenance is provided, to the extent possible, at specific points rather than by a parallel road; and

8. The width of any necessary parallel road providing access for maintenance is as small as possible, but not greater than fifteen (15) feet; the road is maintained without the use of herbicides, pesticides or other hazardous substances; and the location of the road is contiguous to the utility corridor on the side away from the wetland;

K. Joint use of an approved sewer utility corridor by other utilities may be allowed;

L. The following surface water management activities and facilities may be allowed in wetland buffers only as follows:

1. Surface water discharge to a Category I or II wetland from a detention facility, presettlement pond or other surface water management activity or facility may be allowed if the discharge does not increase the rate of flow, change the plant composition in a forested wetland or decrease the water quality of the wetland;

2. A Category I or II wetland or buffer may be used for a regional retention/detention facility if:

a. A public agency and utility exception is granted pursuant to SMC 18.15.060, Exceptions;

b. Constructed in accordance with the requirements of the Surface Water Design Manual;

c. The use will not alter the rating or the factors used in rating the wetland;

d. The proposal is in compliance with the latest adopted findings of the Puget Sound Wetlands Research Project; and

e. There are no significant adverse impacts to the wetland;

3. A Category III wetland or buffer which has as its major function the storage of water may be used, expanded or reconstructed as a regional retention/detention facility if requirements of the Surface Water Design Manual are met;

4. Vegetated LID BMPs are allowed within the outer twenty-five percent (25%) of the wetland buffer if:

a. Constructed in accordance with the requirements of the Surface Water Design Manual;

b. There are no significant adverse impacts to the wetland; and

5. Use of a wetland buffer for a surface water management activity or facility, other than a retention/detention facility, such as an energy dissipater and associated pipes, may be allowed only if the applicant demonstrates, to the satisfaction of the City, that:

a. No other practical alternative exists; and

b. The functions and values of the buffer or the wetland are not adversely affected;

M. Wetlands can be used for retention/detention facilities other than for regional facilities;

N. Passive recreation facilities designed and in accordance with an approved critical area report, including:

1. Walkways and trails; provided, that those pathways are limited to minor crossings having no adverse impact on water quality. They should be generally parallel to the perimeter of the wetland, located only in the outer twenty-five percent (25%) of the wetland buffer area, and located to avoid removal of significant trees. The trail surface should not be made of impervious materials, not more than five (5) feet in width for pedestrian use only; and

2. Wildlife viewing structures;

O. A dock, pier, moorage, float or launch facility may be allowed, subject to the provisions of the Shoreline Management Act, if:

1. The existing and zoned density around the wetland is three (3) dwelling units or more;

2. At least seventy-five percent (75%) of the lots around the wetland have been built upon and no significant buffer or wetland vegetation remains on these lots; and

3. Open water is a significant component of the wetland;

P. Alterations to isolated wetlands may be allowed only as follows:

1. On Category IV wetlands less than four thousand (4,000) square feet that:

a. Are located in the areas covered by the Regional Supplement to the Corps of Engineers Wetland Delineation Manual: Western Mountains, Valleys, and Coast Region (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 2010);

b. Are not associated with riparian areas or their buffers;

c. Are not associated with shorelines of the state or their associated buffers;

d. Are not part of a wetland mosaic;

e. Do not score six (6) or more points for habitat function based on the Washington State Wetland Rating System for Western Washington: 2014 Update (Ecology Publication No. 23-06-009, or as revised by Ecology);

f. Do not contain a priority habitat or a priority area for a priority species identified by the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife and do not contain state or federally listed species or their critical habitat;

2. Wetlands less than one thousand (1,000) square feet that meet the above criteria are exempt from the buffer provisions contained in this chapter;

Q. One (1) additional agricultural building or associated residence may be allowed within the wetland buffer on a grazed meadow if all hydrologic storage is replaced on the site;

R. Repair and maintenance of non-conforming uses or structures, where legally established within the buffer, provided they do not increase the degree of nonconformity;

S. Subject to a clearing and grading permit issued pursuant to Chapter 15.445 SMC, Landscaping and Tree Retention, and other City Codes, the cutting of up to one (1) cord of firewood may be permitted in buffers of five (5) acres or larger in any year if the overall function of the buffer is not adversely affected. Removal of brush may also be permitted for the purpose of enhancing tree growth if the area of removal is limited to the diameter of the tree canopy at the time of planting;

T. Wetland road crossings may be allowed if:

1. The City determines that no alternative access is practical;

2. All crossings minimize impact to the wetland and provide mitigation for unavoidable impacts through restoration, enhancement or replacement of disturbed areas;

3. Crossings do not change the overall wetland hydrology;

4. Crossings do not diminish the flood storage capacity of the wetland; and

5. All crossings are constructed during summer low water periods. (Ord. 25-1031 § 2 (Exh. A); Ord. 16-1022 § 1 (Exh. C); Ord. 16-1016 § 1 (Exh. B); Ord. 15-1018 § 1. Formerly 15.700.290)

18.15.300 Wetlands – Alteration of Wetlands Historically and Continuously Used for Agricultural Purposes

Category II and III wetlands that have been used for agricultural purposes for a minimum of fifty (50) continuous years may be altered subject to the following minimum requirements:

A. The applicant/property owner can provide evidence that the wetland has been used for agricultural use continuously for fifty (50) years. This evidence, at a minimum, shall include aerial photographs of the site at the beginning of the fifty (50) year span of use. Aerial photographs of the site over the span of the use of the wetland for agricultural uses to the present shall be provided. At no time shall there be more than ten (10) years between the chronology of the photographs;

B. If an agricultural wetland is located solely on one (1) parcel of property, no more than twenty-five percent (25%) of the wetland may be filled;

C. If the altered wetland is located on more than one (1) property, no more than twenty-five percent (25%) of the entire wetland may be filled. The remainder of the wetland shall be enhanced as approved by the City provided it can be shown by a qualified professional, approved by the City, that:

1. The enhancement of the remaining wetland shall provide the same or better hydrologic or biologic functions as the category of wetland identified in the wetland study for the site;

2. If the altered wetland is located on more than one (1) property, the entire altered wetland shall be identified; and

3. Any altered wetlands located in a flood hazard area shall conform with SMC 18.15.140, Vegetation Management Plan, through 18.15.200, Flood Hazard Areas; and

D. For altered wetlands that are located on more than one property, development rights may be transferred from one owner to the other for development within the altered wetland. This shall be done by a nonrevocable contract, as approved by the City. The transfer of property rights shall run with the land. In no case shall the transfer of development rights allow more than 0.99 acres of fill within an altered wetland. (Ord. 25-1031 § 2 (Exh. A); Ord. 21-1015 § 9; Ord. 16-1016 § 1 (Exh. B); Ord. 15-1018 § 1. Formerly 15.700.300)

18.15.310 Wetlands – Mitigation Requirements

A. Requirements for Compensatory Mitigation.

1. Compensatory mitigation for alterations to wetlands shall be used only:

a. When impacts cannot be addressed by steps 1 through 4 of SMC 18.15.120(A);

b. And shall not apply to allowed alterations pursuant to SMC 18.15.280(F), (G), or (I);

c. And shall achieve equivalent or greater biological functions.

2. Compensatory mitigation plans shall be consistent with this chapter and Wetland Mitigation in Washington State, Part 1: Agency Policies and Guidance (Version 2) (Ecology et al. 2021), as amended, and Part 2: Developing Mitigation Plans (Ecology et al. 2006), as amended or other best available science as recommended by the Department of Ecology.

3. A performance bond or other approved financial surety is required before any project permits are issued. The purpose of the financial surety is to hold an applicant accountable for implementing the mitigation and monitoring plans. The release of financial surety is contingent on satisfactory completion by the applicant of the proposed construction mitigation and monitoring plans.

4. Mitigation ratios shall be consistent with subsection (G) of this section.

B. Compensating for Lost or Affected Functions. Compensatory mitigation shall address the functions affected by the proposed project, with an intention to achieve functional equivalency or improvement of functions. The goal shall be for the compensatory mitigation to provide similar wetland functions as those lost, except when either:

1. The lost wetland provides minimal functions, and the proposed compensatory mitigation action(s) will provide equal or greater functions or will provide functions shown to be limiting within a watershed through a formal Washington State watershed assessment plan or protocol; or

2. Out-of-kind replacement will best meet formally identified regional goals, such as replacement of historically diminished wetland types.

C. Preference of Mitigation Actions. Mitigation for lost or diminished wetland and buffer functions shall rely on the types below in the following order of preference:

1. Restoration (Reestablishment and Rehabilitation) of Wetlands.

a. The goal of reestablishment is returning natural or historic functions to a former wetland.

b. The goal of rehabilitation is repairing natural or historic functions of a degraded wetland.

2. Creation (Establishment) of Wetlands on Disturbed Upland Sites Such as Those with Vegetative Cover Consisting Primarily of Non-Native Species or Noxious Weeds. This should be attempted only when there is an adequate source of water and it can be shown that the surface and subsurface hydrologic regime is conducive to the wetland community that is anticipated in the design.

3. Preservation of Wetlands. Preservation of high quality, at-risk wetlands as compensation is generally acceptable when done in combination with restoration, creation, or enhancement; provided, that a minimum of one to one (1:1) acreage replacement is provided by reestablishment or creation. Ratios for preservation in combination with other forms of mitigation generally range from six to one (6:1) to twenty-four to one (24:1), as determined on a case-by-case basis, depending on the quality of the wetlands being altered and the quality of the wetlands being preserved.

4. Enhancement of Significantly Degraded Wetlands in Combination with Restoration or Creation. Enhancement should be part of a mitigation package that includes replacing the altered area and meeting appropriate ratio requirements. Applicants proposing to enhance wetlands or associated buffers shall demonstrate:

a. How the proposed enhancement will increase the wetland’s/buffer’s functions and values;

b. How this increase in function will adequately compensate for the impacts; and

c. How all other existing wetland functions and values at the mitigation site will be protected.

D. Location of Compensatory Mitigation. Mitigation actions shall be conducted within the same subdrainage basin and on the site of the alteration except when all of the following apply:

1. There are no reasonable on-site or in subdrainage basin opportunities, or on-site and in subdrainage basin opportunities do not have a high likelihood of success due to development pressures, adjacent land uses, or on-site buffers or connectivity are inadequate;

2. On-site mitigation would require elimination of high quality upland habitat;

3. Off-site mitigation has a greater likelihood of providing equal or improved wetland functions; and

4. Off-site locations shall be in the same subdrainage basin and in the same water resource inventory area (WRIA) unless:

a. Established watershed goals for water quality, flood storage or conveyance, habitat, or other wetland functions and values have been established and strongly justify location of mitigation at another site; or

b. Credits from a State-certified wetland mitigation bank are used as compensation, and the use of credits is consistent with the terms of the certified bank instrument;

c. If compensatory wetland or wetland buffer mitigation is proposed off site, a signed statement of consent is required from owners of all affected properties. This statement shall be submitted to the City and a notice recorded with the King County Recorder prior to approval of a compensatory mitigation plan.

E. Responsible Party for Mitigation Site. Mitigation for lost or diminished critical area functions and values for either wetlands or streams shall use the following options:

1. Applicant-Responsible Mitigation. The applicant is responsible for the implementation, monitoring and success of the mitigation pursuant to this chapter.

2. Non-Applicant-Responsible Mitigation – In-Lieu Fee Mitigation.

a. Funds are collected from the applicant by the sponsoring agency, nonprofit, private party or jurisdiction. The sponsor is responsible from that point forward for the completion and success of the mitigation. The applicant’s fee is based on the project impact and includes all costs for the mitigation, including design, land acquisition, materials, construction, administration, monitoring, and stewardship.

b. Credits purchased by an applicant from an in-lieu fee mitigation program that is certified under Federal and State rules may be used as a method of mitigation if approved by the City to compensate for impacts when all of the following apply:

i. The City determines as part of the critical area approval that it would provide equivalent or greater replacement of wetland functions and values when compared to conventional permittee-responsible mitigation;

ii. The City reviews and approves the assessment of debits associated with the proposed impacts calculated by the applicant’s qualified professional using the credit assessment method or appropriate method for the impact as specified in the approved instrument for the program;

iii. The proposed use of credits is consistent with the terms and conditions of the in-lieu fee program instrument; and

iv. The compensatory mitigation agreement occurs before the building or grading and clearing permits for the authorized impact.

3. Wetland Mitigation Banks. Credits from a wetland mitigation bank certified under Chapter 173-700 WAC may be used to compensate for impacts located within the service area specified in the mitigation bank instrument if all the following are met:

a. The Director determines that it would provide appropriate compensation for the proposed impacts; and

b. The proposed use of credits is consistent with the terms and conditions of the mitigation bank instrument;

c. Mitigation ratios are consistent with ratios specified in the mitigation bank instrument.

F. Timing of Compensatory Mitigation. Mitigation shall be completed immediately following disturbance and prior to use or occupancy of the activity or development causing the wetland alteration. Construction of mitigation projects shall be timed to reduce impacts to existing wildlife and flora.

G. Wetland Mitigation Ratios. In the following table the first number indicates the acreage of replacement wetlands and the second number indicates the acreage of wetlands altered.

Category and Type of Wetland	Creation or Reestablishment	Rehabilitation	Preservation	Enhancement
Category I: Mature Forested	6:1	12:1	24:1	24:1
Category I: Based on Functions	4:1	8:1	16:1	16:1
Category II	3:1	6:1	12:1	12:1
Category III	2:1	4:1	8:1	8:1
Category IV	1.5:1	3:1	6:1	6:1

H. Illegal Alteration.

1. When a wetland or its buffer has been altered in violation of this chapter, all ongoing development work on the site shall stop and the critical area shall be restored. The City shall have the authority to issue a “stop work” order, pursuant to Chapter 10.05 SMC, to cease all ongoing development work and order restoration, rehabilitation, or replacement measures at the owner’s or other responsible party’s expense to compensate for violating provisions of this chapter.

2. The following minimum requirements shall be met for the restoration of a wetland:

a. The original wetland structure, functions and values of the wetland shall be restored including hydrologic function, water quality and habitat functions;

b. The original soil type and configuration shall be restored;

c. The wetland edge and buffer configuration shall be restored to its original condition; and

d. The wetland, edge and buffer shall be replanted with vegetation native to the regional ecology which replicates the original vegetation in species, sizes and densities.

3. The requirements in subsection (H)(2) of this section may be modified if the applicant demonstrates that greater wetland functions can otherwise be obtained. (Ord. 26-1003 § 23; Ord. 25-1031 § 2 (Exh. A); Ord. 18-1039 § 2; Ord. 16-1016 § 1 (Exh. B); Ord. 15-1018 § 1. Formerly 15.700.310)

18.15.330 Streams – Development Standards

A development proposal on a site containing a stream shall meet the following requirements. Refer to the Department of Ecology’s ordinary high water mark delineation manual (Anderson et al., 2016) titled “Determining the Ordinary High Water Mark for Shoreline Management Act Compliance in Washington State”:

A. The following minimum riparian management zones (RMZ) shall be established based on the estimated average two hundred (200) year site potential tree height per WDFW guidance. RMZs shall be established from the channel migration zone (CMZ), if one is present, the ordinary high water mark (OHWM), or from the top of the bank if the OHWM cannot be identified:

1. Type S: See shoreline management regulations at Chapter 18.05 SMC, Shoreline Master Program;

2. Type F: two hundred (200) feet;

3. Type Np: one hundred (100) feet;

4. Type Ns: one hundred (100) feet;

5. Any stream restored, relocated, replaced or enhanced because of a stream alteration shall have the minimum RMZ required for the stream type involved, unless otherwise approved by the Director;

6. Any stream with an OHWM within twenty-five (25) feet of the toe of a slope thirty percent (30%) or steeper, but less than forty percent (40%), shall have:

a. The minimum RMZ required for the stream type involved or a twenty-five (25) foot buffer beyond the top of the slope, whichever is greater, if the horizontal length of the slope including small benches and terraces is within the buffer for that stream type; or

b. A twenty-five (25) foot RMZ beyond the minimum RMZ required for the stream type involved if the horizontal length of the slope including small benches and terraces extends beyond the buffer for that stream type; and

7. Any stream adjoined by a riparian wetland or other contiguous critical area shall have the RMZ required for the stream type involved or the buffer which applies to the wetland or other critical area, whichever is greater;

8. Where a legally established roadway or structure transects a buffer, a modification to the minimum required buffer width may be granted to the edge of the roadway or structure; provided, it is demonstrated the roadway or structure completely obstructs all ecosystem functions and values typically associated with the buffer, and that the proposed development does not increase the degree of nonconformity.

9. Any management of streams and RMZs should incorporate watershed-scale considerations, including the restoration and protection of watersheds and connectivity, as well as planning for climate change, in accordance with guidance in SMC 18.15.380.

B. The use of hazardous substances, pesticides and fertilizers in the stream corridor and its RMZ is prohibited unless specifically allowed by the City. (Ord. 25-1031 § 2 (Exh. A); Ord. 16-1016 § 1 (Exh. B); Ord. 15-1018 § 1. Formerly 15.700.330)

18.15.340 Streams – Permitted Alterations

Alterations to streams and RMZs may be allowed only as follows:

A. Alterations may only be permitted if based upon a special study;

B. The applicant shall notify affected communities and native tribes of proposed alteration(s) prior to any alteration if the stream is in a flood hazard area. The applicant shall submit evidence of such notification to the Federal Insurance Administration;

C. There shall be no introduction of any plant or wildlife which is not indigenous to the City or King County into any stream or RMZ unless authorized by a State or Federal permit or approval by the City;

D. Utilities may be allowed in stream RMZs if:

1. No practical alternative location is available;

2. The utility corridor meets any additional requirements set forth in administrative rules including, but not limited to, requirements for installation, replacement of vegetation and maintenance;

3. The requirements for sewer utility corridors (SMC 18.15.290, Wetlands – Permitted Alterations and Allowed Uses) shall also apply to streams; and

4. Joint use of an approved sewer utility corridor by other utilities may be allowed;

E. The following surface water management activities and facilities may be allowed in stream RMZs as follows:

1. Surface water discharge to a stream from a detention facility, presettlement pond or other surface water management activity or facility may be allowed if the discharge is in compliance with the Surface Water Design Manual;

2. A Type F or Np stream or buffer may be used for a regional retention/detention facility if:

a. A public agency and utility exception is granted pursuant to SMC 18.15.060, Exceptions;

b. Designed in accordance with the requirements of the Surface Water Design Manual;

c. The use will not alter the rating or the factors used in rating the stream;

d. There are no significant adverse impacts to the stream; and

3. A Type Ns stream or buffer may be used as a regional retention/detention facility if the alteration will have no lasting adverse impact on any stream and if designed in accordance with the requirements of the Surface Water Design Manual;

F. Public and private trails may be allowed in the stream RMZs only upon adoption of administrative rules consistent with the following:

1. The trail surface shall not be made of impervious materials, except that public multi-purpose trails may be made of impervious materials if they meet all other requirements including water quality; and

2. RMZs shall be expanded, where possible, equal to the width of the trail corridor including disturbed areas; and

3. Recreational trails and interpretive facilities should minimize impacts to the extent practicable, informed by the priority habitats and species (PHS) data and associated management recommendations;

4. There will be no net loss of ecosystem functions or values.

G. Stream crossings may be allowed if:

1. All road crossings use bridges or other construction techniques which do not disturb the stream bed or bank, except that bottomless culverts or other appropriate methods demonstrated to provide fisheries protection may be used for Type F, Np and Ns streams if the applicant demonstrates that such methods and their implementation will pose no harm to the stream or inhibit migration of fish;

2. All crossings are constructed during the summer low flow and are timed to avoid stream disturbance during periods when use is critical to salmonids;

3. Crossings do not occur over salmonid spawning areas unless the City determines that no other possible crossing site exists;

4. Bridge piers or abutments are not placed within the FEMA floodway or the ordinary high water mark;

5. Crossings do not diminish the flood-carrying capacity of the stream;

6. Underground utility crossings are laterally drilled and located at a depth of four (4) feet below the maximum depth of the scour for the base flood predicted by a civil engineer licensed by the State of Washington; and

7. Crossings are minimized and serve multiple purposes and properties whenever possible;

8. Any stream crossings shall follow Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife’s 2013 Water Crossing Design Guidelines, or as updated, along with consideration of National Marine Fisheries System’s (NMFS) 2011 Anadromous Salmonid Passage Facility Design, or as updated. Stream crossing design shall follow BAS and be coordinated with Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife;

9. There will be no net loss of ecosystem functions or values.

H. Stream relocations may be allowed only for:

1. Type F or Np streams as part of a public road project for which a public agency and utility exception is granted pursuant to SMC 18.15.060, Exceptions; and

2. Type Ns streams for the purpose of enhancing resources in the stream if:

a. Appropriate floodplain protection measures are used; and

b. The relocation occurs on the site, except that relocation off the site may be allowed if the applicant demonstrates that any on-site relocation is impractical, the applicant provides all necessary easements and waivers from affected property owners and the off-site location is in the same drainage sub-basin as the original stream;

c. There will be no net loss of ecosystem functions or values.

I. For any relocation allowed by this section, the applicant shall demonstrate, based on information provided by a civil engineer and a qualified biologist, that:

1. The equivalent base flood storage volume and function will be maintained;

2. There will be no adverse impact to local groundwater;

3. There will be no increase in velocity;

4. There will be no interbasin transfer of water;

5. There will be no increase in the sediment load;

6. Requirements set out in the mitigation plan are met;

7. The relocation conforms to other applicable laws; and

8. All work will be carried out under the direct supervision of a qualified biologist;

J. A stream channel may be stabilized if:

1. Movement of the stream channel threatens existing residential or commercial structures, public facilities or improvements, unique natural resources or the only existing access to property; and

2. The stabilization is done in compliance with the requirements of SMC 18.15.140, Vegetation Management Plan, through 18.15.200, Flood Hazard Areas, and administrative rules promulgated pursuant to this chapter;

K. Stream enhancement not associated with any other development proposal may be allowed if accomplished according to a plan for its design, implementation, maintenance and monitoring prepared by a civil engineer and a qualified biologist and carried out under the direct supervision of a qualified biologist pursuant to provisions contained in administrative rules;

L. A minor stream restoration project or fish habitat enhancement may be allowed if:

1. The restoration is accomplished by a public agency with a mandate to do such work;

2. The restoration is unassociated with mitigation of a specific development proposal;

3. The restoration does not cost more than twenty-five thousand dollars ($25,000);

4. The restoration is limited to placement of rock weirs, log controls, spawning gravel and other specific salmonid habitat improvements;

5. The restoration only involves the use of hand labor and light equipment; and

6. The restoration is performed under the direct supervision of a qualified biologist;

M. Roadside and agricultural drainage ditches which carry streams with salmonids may be maintained through use of best management practices developed in consultation with relevant County, State, and Federal agencies. These practices shall be adopted as administrative rules; and

N. Subject to a clearing and grading permit issued pursuant to tree retention requirements in SMC 15.445.400 through 15.445.450, the cutting of up to one (1) cord of firewood may be permitted in buffers of five (5) acres or larger in any year if the overall function of the buffer is not adversely affected. Removal of brush may also be permitted for the purpose of enhancing tree growth if the area of removal is limited to the diameter of the tree canopy at the time of planting;

O. Daylighting and meandering of watercourses is encouraged. Culvert replacement is required where applicable, and upgrades are required to meet State standards. Culverts are piped segments of streams that flow under a road, trail or driveway. Daylighting of a stream refers to taking a stream out of a pipe that is flowing underground, but not necessarily under a road. All watercourse alterations shall be carried out as specified by the State Department of Fish and Wildlife in accordance with an approved Hydraulic Project Approval (HPA).

1. The City encourages daylighting of piped watercourses or previously altered watercourses to restore streams to a more natural and open condition. As an incentive for daylighting, the Director may approve reduced buffers or setbacks. Daylighting or meandering of a watercourse is only permitted if the following criteria are met:

a. The values and functions of the watercourse are improved, including reducing stream flow during storm and flood events, and providing fish and wildlife habitat.

b. No adverse impact to fish is expected to occur.

c. Water quality is equal or better than existing condition.

d. Hydraulic capacity is maintained within the new channel.

e. The watercourse design is consistent with the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Water Crossing Design Guidelines Manual (2013) and Aquatic Habitat Restoration Guidelines (2012), as it now reads and hereafter updated or amended. (Ord. 25-1031 § 2 (Exh. A); Ord. 21-1015 § 10; Ord. 16-1016 § 1 (Exh. B); Ord. 15-1018 § 1. Formerly 15.700.340)

18.15.350 Streams – Mitigation Requirements

A. Restoration shall be required when a stream or its RMZ is altered in violation of law or without any specific permission or approval by the City. A mitigation plan for the restoration shall demonstrate that:

1. The stream has been degraded and will not be further degraded by the restoration activity;

2. The restoration will reliably and demonstrably improve the water quality and fish and wildlife habitat of the stream;

3. The restoration will have no lasting, significant, adverse impact on any stream functions; and

4. The restoration will assist in stabilizing the stream channel;

B. The following minimum requirements shall be met for the restoration of a stream:

1. All work shall be carried out under the direct supervision of a qualified biologist;

2. Basin analysis shall be performed to determine hydrologic conditions;

3. The natural channel dimensions shall be replicated including its depth, width, length and gradient at the original location, and the original horizontal alignment (meander lengths) shall be replaced;

4. The bottom shall be restored with identical or similar materials;

5. The bank and RMZ configuration shall be restored to its original condition;

6. The channel, bank and RMZ areas shall be replanted with vegetation native to the City and King County which replicates the original vegetation in species, sizes and densities; and

7. The original biologic functions of the stream shall be recreated;

C. The requirements in subsection (B) of this section may be modified if the applicant demonstrates to the satisfaction of the City that a greater biological function can otherwise be obtained;

D. Replacement or enhancement shall be required when a stream or RMZ is altered pursuant to an approved development proposal. There shall be no net loss of stream functions and values on a development proposal site in compliance with WAC 365-196-830(4), and there shall be no impact on stream functions above or below the site due to approved alterations;

E. The requirements which apply to the restoration of streams in subsection (B) of this section shall also apply to the relocation of streams, unless the applicant demonstrates to the satisfaction of the City that a greater biological function can be obtained by modifying these requirements;

F. Replacement or enhancement for approved stream alterations shall be accomplished in streams and on the site unless the applicant demonstrates to the satisfaction of the City:

1. Enhancement or replacement on the site is not possible;

2. The off-site location is in the same drainage subbasin as the original stream; and

3. Greater biological and hydrological functions will be achieved; and

G. Surface water management or flood control alterations shall not be considered “enhancement” unless other functions are simultaneously improved. (Ord. 25-1031 § 2 (Exh. A); Ord. 16-1016 § 1 (Exh. B); Ord. 15-1018 § 1. Formerly 15.700.350)

18.15.360 Wellhead Protection Areas and General Groundwater Resources

The aquifer identified as Q(A)c by the U.S. Geological Survey is considered the major aquifer underlying SeaTac and other cities west of the Green River Valley (the “Des Moines Upland”), and is generally encountered between one hundred (100) feet above and one hundred (100) feet below sea level. A deeper aquifer identified as Q(B)c is generally encountered between sea level and two hundred (200) feet below sea level. These aquifers are the source of water for the wells in SeaTac operated by the Highline Water District and Seattle Public Utilities.

A. Purpose and Intent. It is the purpose and intent of the regulations in this section to protect from contamination the areas around wellheads and critical aquifer recharge areas (CARAs) serving as sources of potable water, as identified by the water districts operating those wells and CARAs; to limit activities that may adversely affect groundwater resources more generally; and to prevent contaminants from entering the aquifers underlying the City.

B. Application of Regulations in This Section. This section regulates uses and/or activities in the following areas:

1. Wellhead protection areas (WHPA) as delineated on the wellhead protection areas map (see Map 9.2 in the SeaTac Comprehensive Plan’s Environment Element).

The wellhead protection areas delineated on the referenced map were established by the water districts that operate these wells: Highline Water District and Seattle Public Utilities.

The wellhead protection areas map is intended as a guide for the City, project applicants and/or property owners and may be updated as new information becomes available.

2. Critical aquifer recharge areas (CARAs) as delineated on the critical aquifer recharge protection area map.

3. All other areas of the City.

C. Prohibited Uses. The following activities and uses are prohibited in wellhead protection areas and all other areas of the City:

1. Landfills. Landfills, including hazardous or dangerous waste, municipal solid waste, special waste, wood waste, and inert and demolition landfills;

2. Underground Injection Wells. All underground injection wells as defined in Chapter 173-218 WAC with the exception of those listed in subsections (C)(2)(a) through (i) of this section. All underground injection wells shall comply with the requirements of Chapter 173-218 WAC.

a. Surface water management facilities pursuant to the Surface and Stormwater Management Code (Chapter 12.10 SMC).

b. Drainage wells such as those used to drain stormwater such as a French drain or infiltration trench containing perforated pipe.

c. Heat pump or cooling water return flows wells.

d. Aquifer recharge wells.

e. Septic systems serving an individual residential property, or as otherwise approved by Public Health-Seattle and King County.

f. Injection wells used to control flooding of residential basements or as part of a reclaimed water project as allowed under a permit.

g. Injection wells used for remediation wells receiving fluids intended to clean up, treat or prevent subsurface contamination.

h. Injection wells used as part of a reclaimed water project as allowed under a permit.

i. Injection wells used to inject carbon dioxide for geologic sequestration;

3. Mining.

a. Metals and hard rock mining; and

b. Sand and gravel mining;

4. Wood Treatment Facilities. Wood treatment facilities that allow any portion of the treatment process to occur over permeable surfaces (both natural and manmade);

5. Dry Cleaning Establishments. Dry cleaning establishments using the solvent perchloroethylene;

6. Storage, Processing, or Disposal of Radioactive Substances. Facilities that store, process, or dispose of radioactive substances; and

7. Other Prohibited Uses or Activities.

a. Activities that would significantly reduce the recharge to aquifers currently or potentially used as a potable water source;

b. Activities that would significantly reduce the recharge to aquifers that are a source of significant baseflow to a regulated stream.

D. General Performance Standards.

1. The proposed activity must be designed and constructed to employ all known, available and reasonable (AKART) methods of prevention, control and treatment of pollutants associated with a discharge;

2. The proposed activity must comply with the water source protection requirements and recommendations of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington State Department of Health, and Public Health-Seattle and King County;

3. The proposed activity must be designed and constructed in accordance with the requirements of the Surface and Stormwater Management Code (Chapter 12.10 SMC), the Clearing and Grading Code (Chapter 13.190 SMC) and the International Building Code (Chapter 13.110 SMC);

4. If applicable, the proposed activity must comply with the requirements of the International Fire Code (Chapter 13.150 SMC).

E. Development Within a Wellhead Protection Area and Critical Aquifer Recharge Areas.

1. Any proposed non-residential development located in a wellhead protection area and critical aquifer recharge areas shall submit a hazardous materials inventory sheet (HMIS) with any permit, land use, or business license application. Ongoing operation and maintenance activities of public wells by public water providers are exempt from these requirements.

2. The City will review the HMIS along with the permit, land use, or business license application to determine whether hazardous substances will be used, stored, transported or disposed of in connection with the proposed activity. The City shall make the following determinations and apply the appropriate measures:

a. No hazardous substances are involved; or

b. Hazardous substances are involved; however, existing laws or regulations adequately mitigate any potential impact, and documentation is provided to demonstrate compliance; or

c. Hazardous substances are involved and the proposal has the potential to significantly impact wellhead protection areas, critical aquifer recharge areas, or other groundwater resources. The City may require a critical area report in order to determine the potential impacts of contamination on aquifers or other groundwater resources.

3. The critical area report shall be prepared by a qualified professional, as specified in SMC 18.15.015, Definitions, and shall include the following site and proposal-related information:

a. Available information regarding geologic and hydrogeologic characteristics of the site including the permeability of the unsaturated zone;

b. Ground water depth, flow direction, and gradient based on available information;

c. Currently available data on wells and springs within one thousand three hundred (1,300) feet of the project site;

d. Location of other critical areas, including surface waters, within one thousand three hundred (1,300) feet of the project site;

e. Available historic water quality data for the area to be affected by the proposed activity; and

f. Best management practices and contamination prevention plans proposed to be utilized should consider:

i. Protect groundwater by minimizing activities and conditions that pose contamination risks.

ii. Manage groundwater withdrawals and recharge impacts to:

(A) Maintain availability for drinking water sources.

(B) Maintain stream base flow from groundwater to support in-stream flows, especially for salmon-bearing streams.

g. Upon receipt of the critical area report the Department shall forward a copy of the critical area report to the appropriate water district for review and comment.

F. Performance Standards, Specific – Applicable to Specific Uses.

1. Storage Tanks. All storage tanks must comply the terms of subsection (D) of this section and either subsection (F)(1)(a) or (b) of this section:

a. Underground Tanks. All new underground storage facilities proposed for use in the storage of hazardous substances or hazardous wastes shall be designed and constructed so as to:

i. Prevent releases due to corrosion or structural failure for the operational life of the tank;

ii. Be protected against corrosion, constructed of noncorrosive material, steel clad with a noncorrosive material, or designed to include a secondary containment system to prevent the release or threatened release of any stored substances; and

iii. Use material in the construction or lining of the tank that is compatible with the substance to be stored.

b. Above Ground Tanks. All new above ground storage facilities proposed for use in the storage of hazardous substances or hazardous wastes shall be designed and constructed so as to:

i. Not allow the release of a hazardous substance to the ground, ground waters, or surface waters;

ii. Have a primary containment area enclosing or underlying the tank or part thereof; and

iii. A secondary containment system either built into the tank structure or a dike system built outside the tank for all tanks.

2. Vehicle Repair and Servicing. For the purposes of this subsection the term “vehicle repair and servicing” shall include, as defined in Chapter 15.105 SMC, Automotive Service Center, Fueling/Service Station, Vehicle Repair, Small, and Vehicle Repair, Large.

a. Vehicle repair and servicing must be conducted over impermeable pads and within a covered structure capable of withstanding normally expected weather conditions. Chemicals used in the process of vehicle repair and servicing must be stored in a manner that protects them from weather and contains leaks should one (1) occur.

b. No dry wells shall be allowed on sites used for vehicle repair and servicing. Dry wells existing on the site prior to facility establishment shall be abandoned using techniques approved by the State Department of Ecology prior to commencement of the proposed activity.

3. Residential Use of Pesticides and Nutrients. Application of household pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers shall not exceed times and rates specified on the packaging.

4. Use of Reclaimed Water for Surface Percolation or Direct Recharge. Water reuse projects for reclaimed water must be in accordance with the adopted water or sewer comprehensive plans that have been approved by the State Departments of Ecology and Health.

a. Use of reclaimed water for surface percolation must meet the ground water recharge criteria given in RCW 90.46.010(10) and 90.46.080(1). The State Department of Ecology may establish additional discharge limits in accordance with RCW 90.46.080(2).

b. Direct injection must be in accordance with the standards developed by authority of RCW 90.46.042.

5. State and Federal Regulations. The uses listed below shall be conditioned as necessary to protect critical aquifer recharge areas in accordance with the applicable State and Federal regulations.

Statutes, Regulations, and Guidance
Pertaining to Ground Water Impacting Activities
Activity	Statute – Regulation – Guidance
Above Ground Storage Tanks	WAC 173-303-640
Automobile Washers	Chapter 173-216 WAC, Best Management Practices for Vehicle and Equipment Discharges (Washington Department of Ecology WQ-R-95-56)
Below Ground Storage Tanks	Chapter 173-360 WAC
Chemical Treatment Storage and Disposal Facilities	Chapter 173-303 WAC
Injection Wells	Federal 40 CFR Parts 144 and 146, Chapter 173-218 WAC
Hazardous Waste Generator (Boat Repair Shops, Biological Research Facility, Dry Cleaners, Furniture Stripping, Motor Vehicle Service Garages, Photographic Processing, Printing and Publishing Shops, etc.)	Chapter 173-303 WAC
Junk Yards/Salvage Yards	Chapter 173-304 WAC, Best Management Practices to Prevent Stormwater Pollution at Vehicles Recycler Facilities (Washington State Department of Ecology 94-146)
Oil and Gas Drilling	Chapter 332-12 WAC, Chapter 173-218 WAC
On-Site Sewage Systems (Large Scale)	Chapter 173-240 WAC
On-Site Sewage Systems (< 14,500 gal/day)	Chapter 246-272A WAC, Local Health Ordinances
Pesticide Storage and Use	Chapter 15.58 RCW, Chapter 17.21 RCW
Sawmills	Chapter 173-303 WAC, Chapter 173-304 WAC, Best Management Practices to Prevent Stormwater Pollution at Log Yards (Washington State Department of Ecology, 95-53)
Solid Waste Handling and Recycling Facilities	Chapter 173-304 WAC
Wastewater Application to Land Surface	Chapter 173-216 WAC, Chapter 173-200 WAC, Washington State Department of Ecology Land Application Guidelines, Best Management Practices for Irrigated Agriculture
Maintain Groundwater Quality	WAC 173-200-030, Washington Antidegradation Policy

(Ord. 25-1031 § 2 (Exh. A); Ord. 16-1016 § 1 (Exh. B); Ord. 15-1018 § 1. Formerly 15.700.360)

18.15.370 Fish and Wildlife Habitat Conservation Areas

A. Purpose. Fish and wildlife habitat conservation means land management for maintaining species in a wild state in suitable habitats within their natural geographic distribution so that isolated subpopulations are not created. This does not mean maintaining all individuals of all species at all times. It does mean that cooperative and coordinated land use planning is critically important among counties and cities in a region. In some cases, it may be sufficient to assure that a species will usually be found in certain regions across the State. In other cases, it may be necessary to assure protection to each individual species. Protection needs to be species specific and goal-oriented. Fish and wildlife habitat conservation areas include:

1. Areas with which endangered, threatened, and sensitive species, including anadromous fish, have a primary association;

2. Habitats and species of local importance;

3. Naturally occurring lakes or ponds under twenty (20) acres and their submerged aquatic beds that provide fish or wildlife habitat;

4. Waters of the State;

5. Lakes, ponds, and streams planted with game fish by a governmental or tribal entity.

“Fish and wildlife habitat conservation areas” does not include such artificial features or constructs as irrigation delivery systems, irrigation infrastructure, irrigation canals, or drainage ditches that lie within the boundaries of and are maintained by a port district or an irrigation district or company.

B. Fish and wildlife habitat conservation areas may, and probably will, include one (1) or more of other critical areas identified in this chapter. The following classification system is based on the presence of one (1) or more of these critical areas as well as species identified as endangered, threatened, sensitive, or priority, the area’s proximity to developed areas, and the area’s existing use.

1. Category 1 habitat is classified as including any wetland or stream or their buffer or RMZ areas or any area identified as habitat for endangered, threatened, sensitive or priority species by the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) or heron, and which is characterized by agricultural or low density residential use (one (1) unit or less per acre) and which is not within two hundred (200) feet of more intense land uses.

2. Category 2 habitat is classified as including any wetland or stream or their buffer or RMZ areas or any area identified as habitat for endangered, threatened, sensitive, or priority species by the WDFW and which is characterized by residential uses of greater density than one (1) unit per acre or which lies within two hundred (200) feet of more intense land uses.

3. Category 3 habitat is classified as an area which does not include a wetland or stream or their buffer or RMZ areas or any area identified as habitat for endangered, threatened, sensitive or priority species by the WDFW and which is characterized by single-family residential areas immediately adjacent to multi-family or nonresidential land uses.

4. Category 4 habitat is classified as an area which does not include a wetland or stream or their buffer or RMZ areas or any area identified as habitat for endangered, threatened, sensitive, or priority species by the WDFW and which is characterized by nonresidential land uses.

C. Buffers.

1. For any fish and wildlife habitat conservation areas which include other critical areas as identified and regulated in this chapter, the buffer for those critical areas shall apply except where species or habitats identified by the WDFW as endangered, threatened, sensitive, or priority, or where herons are found to have a primary association. If such species are present, the applicant shall provide a critical area report identifying such species, their required habitat, and recommend appropriate buffers based on the WDFW priority habitat and species management recommendations as well as any other proposed mitigation measures considered appropriate to the protection of said species and habitat.

2. Refer to the resources below for species listings:

a. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife’s (WDFW) Priority Habitat and Species webpage for up-to-date information.

b. WDFW’s Threatened and Endangered Species list and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s Information for Planning and Consultation resources for up-to-date information on all State and Federal listed species.

d. Puget Sound Partnership’s Salmon Recovery website for Water Resource Inventory Area (WRIA) Plans in Puget Sound.

3. Refer to the recommendations below, or as amended, for priority habitats and species management:

a. Landscape Planning for Washington’s Wildlife (2009).

b. Land Use Planning for Salmon, Steelhead and Trout (2011).

c. Riparian Ecosystems, Volume 1: Science Synthesis and Management Implications (2020).

d. Riparian Ecosystems, Volume 2: Management Recommendations (2020).

e. Riparian Management Zone Checklist for CAOs (2023).

f. Shrub-Steppe Management Recommendations (2020).

g. Oregon White Oak Woodlands Ecosystems Management Recommendations (1998).

h. Management recommendations for Washington’s Priority Species (by taxa).

4. Any management of streams and buffers should incorporate watershed-scale considerations, including the restoration and protection of watersheds and connectivity, as well as planning for climate change, in accordance with guidance in SMC 18.15.380. (Ord. 25-1031 § 2 (Exh. A); Ord. 16-1016 § 1 (Exh. B); Ord. 15-1018 § 1. Formerly 15.700.370)